New England Indians are part of the Algonquin language family. (By 1700, Wabanaki, the People of the Dawn, would be generic term for all Maine Indians). The Souriquois (today's Micmac) were living mostly east of the St. John rivers), and Abenaki (interior and western sections). The Norse probably did not make it to the Gulf of Maine though.ġ400 As many as 20,000 Indians are living in Maine in three major ethnic groups Armouchiquois (southern Maine to Cape Elizabeth), Etchemin, today's Maliseet and Paasamaquoddy (Kennebec to St. Also, the first wigwams and birchbark canoes appear here.ġ100-1000 AD Norse explorations, settlements, and timber-harvesting parties visit Newfoundland, Labrador, and other arctic regions, as well as the Gulf of St. It is less marine-oriented and used more land resources.ģ500-3000 BP Archaic people population appears to decline.Ģ800 BP Ceramic people arrive and pottery makes its first appearance in Maine. Red Paint burial sites date from this time period.ģ700 BP A new population arrives in Maine from the southeast. Most common in northern and western Maine.Ĩ500-3500 BP A variety of Archaic people appear in succession in Maine.ĥ000-3800 BP Maritime adaptation, including swordfish hunting, emerges on the coast. Descendants of Pennacook, Narragansett, Wampanoag, Niantic, Pocumtuc, Pequot and Nipmuc can still be found among Abenaki today.ġ8,500 BP (before the present) The last glacier, known as the Wisconsin glaciation, begins to recede.ġ1,000 BP The glacier and arctic-like tundra are gone from all but northern Maine.ġ0,500 BP Maine's first human population arrives, Paleo-Indians with fluted points.ġ0,000 BP Paleo-Indians seem to disappear.ġ0,500-8500 BP Late Paleo-Indians briefly visit Maine. The Abenaki absorbed thousands of southern New England Natives who were seeking refuge from the King Philip's War in the 1670's. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation.Īlthough the Abenaki received state recognition in 1976, it was later withdrawn, and at the time of this writing they are still seeking federal recognition. Today there are more than 2,500 Western Abenaki living in the Lake Champlain area of Vermont - the Sokoki-St. The Abenaki are most often confused with the Wabenaki Confederation of which they are a part of along with the Penobscots, Passamaquoddy, Micmac and Maliseet, however they are a separate tribe. are identified as 2 groups - the Western Abenaki (Vermont and New Hampshire) and the Eastern Abenaki (Maine). During the wars of the 18th century, many Abenaki migrated to Quebec, Canada where the greatest number can be found today. The Abenaki probably numbered more than 20,000 people before first contact with Europeans, in the current states of Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, although this number was greatly reduced due to the diseases brought into North America by Europeans. The state recognition had included special hunting and fishing rights for the band (The Abenaki Today, 99). The State of Vermont extended recognition to the tribe in 1976, only to rescind it in 1977 due to protests from hunters and fishermen. The tribe, which numbers around 1200 individuals has been recognized by other Abenaki Bands in Quebec as true Abenaki. Francis - Sokoki Band is actually being called the "Western Easterners" by those unaware of the tribe's name's etymology. Their original name, the Wabanaki meant "those who live at the sunrise", or "the easterners". Sokoki is their native word for the Western Abenaki. Central Abenaki) had dispersed in all directions to merge with neighboring peoples.īased in the town of Swanton in northern Vermont is the Saint Francis - Sokoki Band of the Abenaki Nation, sometimes referred to as the Western Abenaki. This also implies that, by c.1725, the Etchemin had regrouped as Maliseet & Passamaquoddy, and the (per se) Pennacook (a.k.a. Eastern Abenaki), and Abenaki-St.Francis (meaning both the Abenaki remaining in New England and the Abenaki regrouped in & working out of New France - this latter category a.k.a. MAP B (shown above) showed the Wabanaki peoples Circa 1725 as Micmac, Maliseet-Passamaquoddy, Penobscot (a.k.a.
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